In the last month, a series of revelations have cast a spotlight on the tactics of Chinese and Russian interference in Europe, which range from financial incentives offered to politicians to outright intimidation and sophisticated cyber warfare.

In a recent study, commissioned by the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations, we laid out the playbook employed by China and Russia to sway electoral outcomes and influence European politics. The report underscores that while some of these clandestine operations eventually come to light, a significant number remain undetected or are only known to the intelligence community. Furthermore, certain governments opt against publicizing these breaches, contributing to a widespread underestimation of the severity of the challenge.

Read the full newsletter below.